Canberra Longitudinal Study
The Canberra Longitudinal Study is a 12 year study
into the health and memory of older people which commenced in 1990,
with subsequent waves in 1994, 1998 and 2002. This is the last time
we will approach our participants for interviews - the youngest participant
in 2002 was 82 years of age!
For more information about the study please contact:
Helen.Christensen@anu.edu.au
or Bryan.Rodgers@anu.edu.au
Publications on Research Findings
from Canberra Longitudinal Study of the Elderly
Jorm, A.F., Henderson, S.,
Scott, R., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, A.E. & Christensen, H. (1993).
The disabled elderly living in the community:
Care received from family and formal services. Medical
Journal of Australia, 158, 383-388.
Henderson, A.S., Jorm, A.F.,
Mackinnon, A.J., Christensen, H., Scott, L.R., Korten, AE& Phillips
Doyle, C. (1993). The prevalence of depressive
disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life:
A survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Psychological
Medicine, 23, 719-729.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Henderson, S., Korten, AE, Mackinnon, A.J.
& Scott, R. (1993). Neuroticism and self-reported
health in an elderly community sample. Personality
and Individual Differences, 15, 515-521.
Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.J.,
Christensen, H., Henderson, S., Scott, R. & Korten, A. (1993). Cognitive
functioning and neuroticism in an elderly community sample. Personality
and Individual Differences, 15,721-723.
Jorm, A.F. (1994). A short form of the Informant
Questionnaire on Cognitive Disorders in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development
and cross-validation. Psychological
Medicine, 24, 145-153.
Henderson, A.S., Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.J., Christensen, H., Scott,
L.R., Korten, AE, and Doyle, C. (1994). A survey
of dementia in the Canberra population: experience with ICD-10 and DSM-III-R
criteria. Psychological Medicine,
24, 473-482.
Christensen, H., Jorm, A.F.,
Henderson, A.S., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE and Scott, L.R. (1994).
The relationship between health and cognitive
functioning in an elderly community sample. Age
and Ageing, 23, 204-212.
Jacomb, P.A., Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A.J., Henderson,
A.S., Scott, R. & Korten, AE (1994). Personality
changes in normal and cognitively impaired elderly: Informant reports
in a community sample. International Journal
of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 313-320.
Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE&
Christensen, H. (1994). Do mental health surveys
disturb? Further evidence. Psychological
Medicine, 24, 233-237.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Mackinnon,
A.J. & Scott, R. (1994). Complaints of cognitive
decline in the elderly: a comparison of reports by subjects and informants
in a community survey. Psychological
Medicine, 24, 365-374.
Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott,
L.R. & Korten, AE (1994). Age differences
and interindividual variation in cognition in community-dwelling elderly.
Psychology and Aging,
9, 381-390.
Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R., Christensen, H., Mackinnon,
A.J., Korten, AE, & Kay, D.W.K. (1994). Does
education protect against cognitive impairment? A comparison of the
elderly in two Australian cities. International Journal
of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 357-363.
Mackinnon, A.J., Christensen, H., Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott,
R. & Korten, AE (1994). A latent trait analysis
of an inventory designed to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression
using an elderly community sample. Psychological
Medicine, 24, 977-986.
Christensen, H., Henderson,
A.S., Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.S., Scott, R. & Korten, AE (1995).
ICD-10 Mild Cognitive Disorder: Epidemiological
evidence on its validity. Psychological
Medicine, 25, 105-120.
Ritchie, K., Mathers, C. &
Jorm, A. (1994). Dementia-free life expectancy
in Australia. Australian Journal of
Public Health, 18, 149-152.
Henderson, S., Jorm, A.F., Scott, L.R., Mackinnon, A.J, Christensen,
H. & Korten, AE (1995). Insomnia in the elderly:
Its prevalence and correlates in the general population. Medical
Journal of Australia, 162, 22-24.
Jorm, A. F., Mackinnon, A.J., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R., Christensen,
H., Korten, AE, Cullen, J.S. & Mulligan, R. (1995). The
Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales: A multidimensional alternative to
categorical diagnoses of dementia and depression in the elderly. Psychological
Medicine , 25, 447-460.
Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Mackinnon,
A.J. & Scott, L.R. (1994). Are nursing homes
depressing? (letter) Lancet,
344, 1091.
Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R., Korten, AE, Christensen, H.
& Mackinnon, A.J. (1995). Factors associated
with the wish to die in elderly people. Age
and Ageing, 24, 389-392.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Doyle, C.J., Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE,
Mackinnon, A.J., Scott, R. & Mulligan, R. (1995). The
Canberra Interview for the Elderly: A standardized diagnostic interview
for dementia and depression by DSM-III-R and ICD-10. In M. Bergener,
J.C. Brocklehurst, & S.I. Finkel (Eds). Ageing,
Health and Healing (pp 187-196). New York:
Springer Publishing.
Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Scott, L.R., Henderson,
A.S. & Korten, AE (1995). A latent trait analysis
of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in an elderly community sample.
Personality and Individual Differences,
18, 739-747.
Henderson, A.S., Easteal, S., Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE,
Christensen, H., Croft, L. & Jacomb, P.A. (1995). Apolipoprotein
E allele e4, dementia, and cognitive decline in a population sample.
Lancet.,
346, 1387-1390.
Christensen, H., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R.
& Mackinnon, A.J. (1996). Activity levels
and cognitive functioning in an elderly community sample. Age
and Ageing, 25, 72-80.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Henderson, A.S., Jacomb, P.A., Korten,
AE& Mackinnon, A. (1996). Informant ratings
of cognitive decline of elderly people: Relationship to longitudinal
change on cognitive tests. Age and
Ageing, 25, 125-129.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H.,
Korten, AE, Henderson, A.S., Jacomb, P.A. & Mackinnon, A. (1997).
Do cognitive complaints either predict future cognitive decline or reflect
past cognitive decline? A longitudinal study of an elderly community
sample. Psychological Medicine,
27, 91-98.
Jorm, A.F., Mackinnon, A.J., Christensen, H., Henderson, A.S., Jacomb,
P.A. & Korten, AE (1997). The Psychogeriatric
Assessment Scales (PAS): Further data on psychometric properties and
validity from a longitudinal study of the elderly. International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 93-100.
Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Jacomb, P.A., Mackinnon, A.J., Jorm, A.F.,
Christensen, H. & Rodgers, B. (1997). The
course of depression in the elderly: A longitudinal community-based
study in Australia. Psychological
Medicine, 27, 119-129.
Korten, A. E., Mackinnon, A.
J., Henderson, A. S., Easteal, S. & Jorm, A. F. (1996).
Attenuation of apolipoprotein E e4 allele gene dose in late age. Author's
reply. The Lancet
347, 542.
Jorm, A.F, Henderson, A.S., Jacomb, P.A., Croft, L. & Easteal, S.
(1997). Quantitative trait loci for neuroticism:
An allelic association study with the serotonin receptor (HTR2) and
monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genes. Personality
and Individual Differences, 22, 287-290.
Christensen, H., Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Jacomb, P.A.
& Mackinnon, A.J. (1997) ICD-10 Mild Cognitive
Disorder: Its outcome three years later. International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 581-586.
Jorm, A.F., Jacomb, P.A., Christensen,
H., Henderson, S., Korten, AE& Rodgers, B. (1997). Impact
of pet ownership on elderly Australians' use of medical services: An
analysis using Medicare data. Medical
Journal of Australia, 166, 376-377.
Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A.F.,
Jacomb, P.A., Korten, AE& Christensen, H. (1996). Use
of the Transparent Bipolar Inventory to measure the big-five personality
factors in an epidemiological survey of the elderly. Personality
and Individual Differences, 21, 1051-1054.
Christensen, H., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S., Jacomb, P.A.,
Rodgers, B. & Mackinnon, A.J. (1997). Education
and decline in cognitive performance: Compensatory but not protective.
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,
12, 323-330.
Jacomb, P.A., Jorm, A.F., Korten, AE, Rodgers, B., Henderson, S. &
Christensen, H. (1997). GP attendance by elderly
Australians: Evidence for unmet need in elderly men. Medical
Journal of Australia, 166, 123-126.
Korten, AE, Henderson, A.S.,
Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P., Mackinnon, A.
J. (1997). A prospective study of cognitive function
in the elderly. Psychological Medicine,
27, 919-930.
Henderson, A.S., Jorm, A.F.,
Christensen. H., Jacomb, P.A. & Korten, AEAspirin,
anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of dementia. (1997). International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
Cullen, J.S., Grayson, D.A. & Jorm, A.F. (1997). Clinical
diagnoses and disability in cognitively impaired older persons. International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 411-422.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Henderson, A.S., Jacomb, P.A., Korten,
AE& Mackinnon, A. (1998). Factors associated
with successful ageing. Australian
Journal on Ageing.
Jorm, A.F., Rodgers. B., Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Jacomb, P.A.,
Christensen, H. & Mackinnon, A. (1998). Occupation
type as a predictor of cognitive decline and dementia in old age. Age
and Ageing.
Henderson, A. S., Korten, A. E., Levings, C., Jorm, A. F., Christensen,
H., Jacomb, P. A. & Rodgers, B. (1998). Psychotic
symptoms in the elderly: a prospective study in a population sample.
International Journal of Geriatric
Psychiatry 13, 484-492.
Jacomb, P. A., Jorm, A. F.,
Rodgers, B., Korten, A. E., Henderson, A. S. & Christensen, H. (1999).
Emotional response of participants to a mental
health survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
34, 80-84. 487.
Christensen, H. (in press).
Dispersion in cognitive ability as a function
of age: a longitudinal study of an elderly community sample.
Aging, Neuorpsychology and Cognition.
Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Jiao, Z., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F.,
Henderson, A. S. & Rodgers, B. (1998). Predictors
of GP service use: a community survey of an elderly Australian sample.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public
Health 22, 609-615.
Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Jiao, Z., Letenneur, L., Jacomb, P. A.,
Henderson, A. S., Christensen, H. & Rodgers, B. (1999).
Health, cognitive and psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality
in an elderly community sample. Journal
of Epidemiology and Community Health 53,
83-88.
Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Henderson,
A. S., Jacomb, P. A. & Rodgers, B. (in press). An
analysis of diversity in the cognitive performance of elderly community
dwellers: individual differences in change scores as a function of age.
Psychology and Aging.
Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Henderson,
A.S. & Jacomb, P. (1999). Dispersion in cognitive
ability as a function of age: A longitudinal study of an elderly community
sample. Aging, Cognition and Neuropsychology,
6, 214-228. 75.
Henderson, A.S., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Jacomb, P.A., Christensen,
H., Rodgers, B., Tan, X. & Easteal, S. (2000). COMT
and DRD3 polymorphisms, environmental exposures, and personality traits
related to common mental disorders. American
Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics),
96, 102-107. 77.
Jacomb, P.A., Jorm, A.F., Korten,
AE, Christensen, H., Rodgers, B. & Henderson, A.S. (2000). Factors
associated with informant-related personality problems in an elderly
population. Aging and Mental Health,
4, 36-42. 78.
Christensen, H., Korten, A.E,
Mackinnon, A.J., Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S. & Rodgers, B. (2000).
Are changes in sensory disability, reaction time and grip strength associated
with changes in memory and crystallized intelligence? A longitudinal
analysis in an elderly community sample.
Gerontology, 46, 276-292.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H., Korten, AE, Jacomb, P.A. & Henderson,
A.S. (2000). Informant ratings of cognitive decline
in old age: Validation against change on cognitive tests over 7 to 8
years. Psychological Medicine,
30, 981-985. 87.
Christensen, H., Hofer, S.M.,
Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F. & Henderson, A.S. (2001).
Age is no kinder to the better educated: Absence
of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community
sample. Psychological Medicine,
31, 15-28. 92.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H.,
Jacomb, P.A., Korten, AE& Mackinnon, A.J. (in press). The
Cognitive Decline scale of the Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS):
Longitudinal data on its validity. International
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
Jorm, A.F., Christensen, H.,
Korten, AE, Jacomb, P.A. & Henderson, A.S. (in press). Memory
complaints as a precursor of memory impairment in older people: A longitudinal
analysis over 7-8 years. Psychological
Medicine.
Christensen, H., Mackinnon,
A.J., Korten, A. & Jorm, A.F. (in press). The
'common cause hypothesis' of cognitive aging: Evidence for a common
factor but also specific associations with vision and grip strength.
Psychology and Aging.
Christensen, H. What
cognitive changes can be expected with normal ageing? (in press).
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.
Hofer, S.M., Christensen, H.,
Mackinnon, A.J., Korten, AE, Jorm, A.F., Henderson, A.S. and Easteal,
S. (in press). Change in cognitive functioning
associated with ApoE Genotype in a community sample of older adults.
Psychology and Aging.
Christensen, H, Mackinnon A.J.,
Korten A, Jorm AF. (2001). 'The common cause hypothesis'
of cognitive aging: Evidence for a common factor but also specific associations
of age and vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis.
Psychology and Aging.
Christensen H, Hofer S.M.,
Mackinnon A.J., Korten AE, Jorm AF, Henderson AS. (2001). Age
is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated
using latent growth techniques in a community sample. Psychological
Medicine 31: 15-28.
Jorm, A. & Mackinnon, A.
(1994). Psychogeriatric
Assessment Scales: User's Guide and Materials.
Canberra: ANUTECH Pty Ltd.
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